《圣经》不仅对近代欧洲作家作品产生了巨大影响,而且对西方现代作家亦复有着深远的影响。这其中就有现代美国作家海明威。《老人与海》是海明威的得意之作,最能代表他遣词造句简明质朴的文体风格。如果将《老人与海》与1611年出版的英王詹姆士一世钦定本《圣经》放在一起,我们就会发现,两者的文体风格非常相似。这里,“文体风格”是指英文的“style”。具体说来,用词和句子结构简单是《圣经》与《老人与海》共同的文体风格。所谓用词简单,是指很少使用表示象征意义的大词;所谓句子结构简单,是指作家频繁使用的基本句型是he-does-something这种简单的句式。《老人与海》的下面这段话就很有代表性:
The old man unhooked the fish, rebaited the line with another sardine and tossed it over. Then he worked his way slowly back to the bow. He was hed his left hand and wiped it on his trousers. Then he shifted the heavy line from his right hand to his left and was hed his right hand in the sea while he watched the sun go into the ocean and the slant of the big cord.
这里描写的是老人与鱼僵持时的几个简单动作。就其用词来说,这段文字所用的动词和名词没有一个大词。从动词来看,这一段共9个词:unhook、rebait、toss、work、wash、wipe、shift、wash和watch。它们不仅短小,而且描述的都是实实在在的可操作的动作。就其句型来说,出现在这一段的所有句子采用的都是“主 谓语 宾语”的主动语态句型,也就是he-does—something这种句型。主语是the old man 和指代老人的he;谓语以使役动词为主。由于使役动词的基本意义是指一个动作发生并且完成,因而,它的基本意义就是动作的执行者做一件事,还使每一个动作都产生预期的结果。
《老人与海》这一词句特点也正是《圣经》的特点。《创世纪》中的下述几个段落具有同样的代表性:
And the God made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament, and it was so.(1∶7)
And God created great whales, and every living creature that moveth, which the waters brought forth abundantly, after their kind, and every winged fowl after his kind, and God saw it was good.(1∶21)
And God made the beast of the earth after his kind, and cattle after their kind, and every thing that creepeth upon the earth after his kind, and God saw that it was good.(1∶25)
And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of his life; and man became a living soul.(2∶7)
And the Lord God planted a garden eastward in Eden; and there he put the man whom he had formed.(2∶8)
这些句子描述的都是上帝创造世界和世间万物的行动。从使用的动词来看,皆以短小的使役动词为主,如make、create、form、plant、put等。这些句子的基本结构更是同《老人与海》如出一辙,都是“动作执行者 使役动词 宾语”。比如描写上帝的God made the firmament, God create great whales等等。这些动作都有执行者(上帝或老人),也都有行为的结果。上帝和老人所做的事不同,所达到的结果也不一样,但无论在何处,这种句型都能暗示出动作的执行者可以控制自己的行动,并使之产生预期的结果。
上帝以其无可匹敌的物质和精神力量主宰自己的行动,以种种伟大的(但不是具体的)行动使他希望存在于世上的事物诞生。而老人桑提亚哥虽然只是普通人,但当海明威大量使用he—does—something句型来描述他的行为时,便赋予他一种力量—— 一种做每件事都能产生一个实实在在结果的力量。这些动作及其结果与上帝的相比固然微不足道,但当它们(he—does—something句型)遍布在作品的每一个角落时,便汇集成一种巨大的行动力量。
这样,当读者在《老人与海》中看到如此之多的这类句型时,难免会将其与《圣经》中那些描述上帝和圣徒行为的句子联系起来,从而使老人的行为产生某种神性的光辉。
总之,《圣经》对英美文学产生了巨大而深远的影响,并且迄今未减。我们不应当把《圣经》仅仅看为宗教的文献,而且更应当将其当作一座文学宝库。
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